<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-6236</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-6236</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-62362024000100027</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/atm.53290</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Simulation and synoptic investigation of a severe dust storm originated from the Urmia Lake in the Middle East]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hossein Hamzeh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nasim]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ranjbar Saadat Abadi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Abbas]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdukhakimovich Shukurov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karim]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mhawish]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alaa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Khan]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Opp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christian]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Air and Climate Technology Company (ACTC) Department of Meteorology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tehran ]]></addr-line>
<country>Iran</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Atmospheric Science &amp; Meteorological Research Center (ASMERC) Department of Meteorology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tehran ]]></addr-line>
<country>Iran</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Russian Academy of Sciences A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Moscow ]]></addr-line>
<country>Russia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,National Center for Meteorology Sand and Dust Storm Warning Regional Center ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Jeddah ]]></addr-line>
<country>KSA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Peshawar Department of Physics ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Peshawar ]]></addr-line>
<country>Pakistan</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Philipps-Universität Marburg Department of Geography ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Marburg ]]></addr-line>
<country>Germany</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-62362024000100027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-62362024000100027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-62362024000100027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Dried lake beds are one of the largest sources of dust in the world, causing environmental problems in the surrounding areas. In this study, the desiccated Urmia Lake was the primary source of dust for all nearby synoptic stations during the April 24-25, 2017 dust episode. Synoptic analysis revealed that the heavy dust storm was triggered by a strong Black Sea cyclone and a low-pressure system over central Iraq in conjunction with a vast high-pressure system. HYSPLIT-based trajectory analysis showed that high PM10 recorded over the Urmia Lake region on April 23-26, 2017, influenced western Azerbaijan, the south of the Caspian Sea, southwestern Kazakhstan, northwestern Uzbekistan, and western Turkmenistan. The dustiest air masses (PM10 &gt; 400 µg m-3) affected the south of the Caspian Sea and western Azerbaijan. Furthermore, the WRF-Chem model was run to evaluate the spatial distribution of dust particles in the study region. The vertical profile revealed that the simulated dust concentration ascended to 5 km from the lake. The WRF-Chem dust schemes accurately simulated dust propagation and the vertical dust profile over Urmia Lake; however, the AFWA and GOCART dust schemes showed that PM10 fluctuating changes were earlier than the measured surface PM10 at five stations around Urmia Lake on April 23-26, 2017. Furthermore, the maximum amount anticipated by the model simulation was 12 h earlier than the maximum surface mass concentration of measured PM10 at the stations throughout the period.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Los lechos lacustres secos son una de las mayores fuentes de polvo en el mundo, y en las últimas décadas han causado problemas ambientales en las áreas circundantes a éstos. En este estudio, el desecado lago Urmia fue la principal fuente de polvo entre el 24 y el 25 de abril de 2017. El análisis sinóptico reveló que la intensa tormenta de polvo fue provocada por un fuerte ciclón en el Mar Negro y un sistema de baja presión sobre el centro de Irak, junto con un vasto sistema de alta presión. El análisis de trayectorias basado en HYSPLIT mostró que los altos niveles de PM10 registrados en la región del lago Urmia del 23 al 26 de abril de 2017 influyeron en el oeste de Azerbaiyán, el sur del mar Caspio, el suroeste de Kazajstán, el noroeste de Uzbekistán y el oeste de Turkmenistán. Las masas de aire más polvorientas (PM10 &gt; 400 µg m-3) afectaron el sur del Mar Caspio y el oeste de Azerbaiyán. Los esquemas de polvo del modelo WRF-Chem simularon con precisión tanto la propagación del polvo como su perfil vertical, que ascendió a 5 km del lago; sin embargo, los esquemas de polvo AFWA y GOCART mostraron que las variaciones en los niveles de PM10 fueron previas a las concentraciones superficiales medidas en cinco estaciones alrededor del lago Urmia entre el 23 y el 26 de abril. Más aún, el modelo predijo niveles máximos 12 h antes que las máximas concentraciones superficiales de PM10 medidas en las estaciones durante el periodo de estudio.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[dust storm]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[synoptic investigation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[WRF-Chem model]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[GOCART and AFWA dust schemes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Urmia Lake]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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